The spike in child poverty highlighted in the latest Census release illustrated the consequences of allowing crucial government provisions to expire. Although less discussed, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act—a tax credit incentivizing employers to provide sick leave—was another important government provision that expired two years ago. Few policymakers seem intent on renewing it, though some have repeatedly proposed federal legislation that would make paid sick days a permanent benefit.
Absent federal action, new Bureau of Labor Statistics data released today reveal stark inequalities in access to paid sick leave. One that hits hard is the inability of 61% of the lowest-wage workers in the U.S. to be able to earn paid sick days to care for themselves or family members.
Figure A below breaks down access to paid sick days: Whereas 96% of the highest-wage workers (top 10%) had access to paid sick days, only 39% of the lowest-paid workers (bottom 10%) are able to earn paid sick days. That means the highest-wage workers are 2.5 times as likely to have access to paid sick leave as the lowest-paid workers.
Workers without paid sick leave often have to choose between going to work sick (or sending a child to school sick) or risk losing their job or forgoing a vital household expense. In a forthcoming EPI report, we will demonstrate that the costs of these expenses from not having paid sick leave can be high.
Most high-wage workers have paid sick days; most low-wage workers do not: Share of private-sector workers with access to paid sick days, by wage group, 2023
| Category | Share of workers who have access to paid sick days |
|---|---|
| Bottom 25% | 56% |
| Second 25% | 82% |
| Third 25% | 86% |
| Top 25% | 94% |
| Bottom 10% | 39% |
| Top 10% | 96% |
The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.
Workers’ ability to earn paid sick days varies greatly across the country. In lieu of federal action, many states have passed legislation to guarantee paid sick days, but many workers have been left behind. Figure B shows vast differences across Census divisions in workers’ ability to use paid sick time to take care of themselves or their family members. The share with access to paid sick days ranges from only 64% in the West South Central States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas) up to 94% in the Pacific states (California, Oregon, and Washington). Notably, many state governments in the East South Central and West South Central Census divisions have passed preemption laws prohibiting local municipalities from passing paid leave and sick day policies.
Workers face stark differences in access to paid sick days, depending on where they live: Share of private-sector workers with access to paid sick days, by geographical area, 2023
| Geographic Area | Share of workers who have access to paid sick days |
|---|---|
| New England | 87% |
| Middle Atlantic | 83% |
| South Atlantic | 74% |
| East South Central | 65% |
| West South Central | 64% |
| West North Central | 70% |
| East North Central | 74% |
| Mountain | 82% |
| Pacific | 94% |
The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.
Note: Census divisions are grouped by color according to the Census regions: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West, respectively.
There is also huge variation in access to paid sick days across the private sector. Full-time workers are much more likely to have paid sick days than part-time workers (87% vs. 51%). Unionized workers have greater access to paid sick days than nonunion workers (86% vs. 77%). At 96% access, workers in management, business, and financial occupations have higher rates than any other occupation category. Services occupations have the least at 61%.
During the pandemic, workers and their families benefited when the government acted quickly to protect workers from the threat of COVID and the threat of economic insecurity. Giving up on these protections, including support for employers to provide access to paid sick leave, hurts everyone. Cities and states that implement sick leave have lower influenza-like-illnesses transmission rates than jurisdictions without the policy, showing just how important paid sick leave is in protecting community-level health. Paid sick leave not only helps reduce transmission of disease, it also provides economic security for workers who might otherwise lose income if they have to take time off from work.
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